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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER.  NY.  14580 

(716)  U72-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  micro'ilmd  le  rneilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  iui  a  ate  pcssible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-^tre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvant  modifier 
une  image  reproduitb.  ou  qui  peuvent  e«iger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


Q 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couvertura  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagie 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 


I      j    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
I I    Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul^e 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  mr 


□ 
□ 

n 

n 


nnq'je 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  giographiques  an  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  Que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  an  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relii  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombro  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  interieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  taxt.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certa<nes  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iiti  film^es. 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  res'aurees  et/ou  pelliculdes 


E    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolor^ 


i/ 


D 


Pages  ddcolor^es.  tachet^es  ou  pic,uees 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  detachees 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


□    Quality  of  print  varit^s/ 
Quaiite  indgale  de  I'impression 

□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

□    Only  edition  available/ 
Seul 


jle  Edition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  refilmad  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totaiement  cu  partiellement 
abscurcies  par  un  feuiltet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc..  cnt  4t6  fiim^es  A  nouveau  de  facon  a 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplementaires: 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu^  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


y 

1 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmad  her*  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  thb  generosity  of: 

Library, 

Geological  Survey  of  Canada 


L'sxemplaira  fil'nA  fut  reproduit  grdce  A  la 
ginirositi  de: 

Biblioth.;que, 

Commission  Giologique  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Las  image*  suivantea  ont  4ti  reproduitea  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
do  la  nenst*  de  I'exemplaire  fWrni.  st  an 
conformity  avec  lea  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fiimage 


Original  copiea  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copioa  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  laat  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Laa  exemplairea  originaux  dont  la  couvorture  an 
papier  est  imprim^  sont  filmte  en  commenpant 
par  la  premirtr  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dc<niire  page  qui  comporte  une  smpreinte 
d'Impreeaion  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
pifit.  seion  le  cas.  Tous  les  sutres  axempiaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreasion  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  laat  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shad  contain  the  symbol  —^(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (mining  "END"), 
whichever  appliec. 


Uti  dee  symbolee  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
domiire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
eaa:  le  symbole  — »•  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Mapa.  platea,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratioa.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  framee  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrams  iliuattata  the 
method: 


Laa  cartes,  planches,  tableeux,  etc.,  peuvent  atre 
filmte  it  des  taux  do  rMuction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  docuivient  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  fiim^  i  partir 
da  I'angie  supdrieur  guuche.  de  gauche  i  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  baa,  an  prenant  le  nombre 
d'Images  n^cessaire   Las  diagrammes  suivaius 
illuatront  la  m^thode. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

GEOLOGICAL    MAP 


OF   THE 


NITED   STATES 


COMl'lI-KD    BY 


C.    H.    HITCHCOCK, 


NEW  YORK: 
PUBI.ISHF.I)  BY  JULIUS  BIKN,   iS  PARK  PLACE. 
i88t.  ' 


■-,  it 


! 


GEOLOGICAL    MAP  H 


:c>> 


\,^ 


ov    11 II-; 


UNITED   STATES. 


(■(•MI'II.KI)    1!V 


C.    H.    HITCHCOCK, 


NEW  YORK: 

rur.i.isiiKi)  v.\  iri.iL's  iuf.n,  is  i'ark  i'lack. 

i88:(. 


•  •     ••«     ••     •••* 

•  •••«•       ••     •«*     •• 


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I  I       •    >     .     -        -    . 

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•     ••■     •    •   •   ••  •••     ••••      ••••  •  •••  "•   •• 

••    ••        •        • »     • 


GEOLOGICAL  MAPOFTHE  UNITED  STATES, 


COMPILED    HV 


C.    H.    HITCHCOCK. 


■' 


Since  printing  the  pamphlet,  we  have  been  enabled  to 
color  approximately  the  outlines  of  the  Eocene  and  Mio- 
cene in  Florida,  as  furnished  by  Prof.  E.  A.  Smith,  the 
details  to  be  published   in  the  American    Journal    of 

SciKXlE. 


«    « 


<;.  M.  DAWSON, 
C.  E.  DUTTON, 
S.  F.  KMMON'S,' 
W.  .M.  FONTAINE, 
G.  K.  GILBERT, 
ARNOLD    HAliUE, 


.1.     r.     LKS1.1^\, 
S.  S.    I. VON, 

w.  J.  .M((;kk, 

J.  S.  NEWBERRY 
RICHARD  OWEN, 
J.    W.    POWELL. 


C.    A.    UHM  J<J, 

R.    V.   WIIITEFIELI:), 

J.    D.    WIIITNEV, 

A.    WINCHELL, 

N.    H.    WINCHELL, 

A.    11.    WORTHEN. 


All  the  published  reports  by  the  United  States  and 
State  Goverments,  as  well  as  the  minor  publications  enu- 
merated in  Frederick  Prime,  junior's  catalogue,  have 
been  made  use  of  as  far  as  practicable. 


t 


/. '  *.  - . 


,•     ••    ,••    •• 

•  •     ••       •••••• 


•  •      •  .•  •  •     •  ••» 

»  •     *   .    *  *     •        • 

*  ••        *    •    •       •    •     • 
I        •       •     •      •  •         • 


•     •     •  •• 

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•••       •      ••     •, 

•  ••■      •••••» 

•         •     •  •   •         •  • 


. •         •-#• 


GEOLOGICAL  MAPoFTHE  UNITED  STATES, 


COMPILED   BY 


J 


C.    11.    HITCHCOCK 


The  object  of  this  pamphlet  is  not  to  draw  geological 
conclusions  from  the  materials  now  brought  together,  but 
to  state  briefly  upon  what  authority  every  part  of  the  map 
has  been  based. 

In  its  compilation  the  following  geologists  have  been 
consulted,  and  I  am  indebted  to  them  for  valuable  aid 
rendered : 


ROBERT   BELL, 
WM.    I-.    BLAKE, 
S.    B.   BUCKLEV, 
THOMAS   CONDON, 
O.    M.   COOK, 
K.    D.   COPE, 
E.    T.   COX, 
JOHN  COLLETT, 
J.    D.    DANA, 
C.    M.    DAWSON, 
C.    E.    DUTTON, 
S.    r.    i';M>H;XS, 
\V.    M.    KONTAINE, 
G.    K,    GILBERT, 
ARNOLD    I  [AGUE, 


JAMES    HALL, 
E.    V.    HAVDEN, 
E.    W.    inLi;ARD, 
E.   S.    HOLMES, 
E.   E.    HOWELL, 
T.   STERR\'    IH'NT, 
\y.    C.    KERR, 
CLARENCE   KLNCi, 
H.    C.    LEWIS, 
j.    W    LESLEY, 
S.  S.    LVON, 
W.   J.    McGEE, 
J.    S.    NEWBERRY. 
RICHARD' OWEN,     , 

J.  w.  1'owi:ll. 


R.    I'UMPELLV, 

W.    B.    ROGERS, 

J.    .M.    SAFEORD, 

A.    R.   C.    SELWYN, 

N.    S.    SilALER, 

E.    A.   SMITH, 

J.   J.    STEVENSON, 

G.   C.    SWALLOW, 

W.    Ll'IIAM, 

C.    A.    WHITE, 

R.    1'.   WHITEEIELD, 

J.    D.    WHIINEY, 

A.    WINCHELL, 

N.    H.    WINCHELL, 

A.    IL    WORTHEN. 


All  the  i)ublished  reports  by  the  United  States  and 
State  Goverments,  as  well  as  the  minor  publications  enu- 
merated in  Frederick  Prime,  junior's  catalogue,  have 
been  made  use  of  as  far  as  practicable. 


Tlie  effort,  to  prepare  this  map  took  shape  nearly  fifteen 
years  since.  At  first  we  proposed  to  issue  separate  niajjs 
of  the  different  States  and  territories,  using  such  scales  of 
dimension  as  best  suited  the  perfection  of  the  facts  and 
the  size  of  the  districts.  These  maps  were  to  have  been 
published  in  atlas  form,  accompanied  by  descriptive  text, 
prepared,  when  possible,  by  the  authors  of  the  respective 
maps.  In  answer  to  our  solicitations,  many  maps  and 
manuscripts  made  their  appearance,  some  of  which  have 
since  been  published  ;  but  our  desire  for  greater  accuracy 
of  information  and  its  accpiisition  by  tedious  held-work  in 
New  England  prevented  the  execution  of  the  original 
scheme.  Meanwhile  we  have  presented  to  the  public  an 
epitome  of  our  materials:  hrst,  in  connection  with  the 
report  of  the  Superintendent  of  the  Ninth  Census  ;  second, 
in  the  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Mining  Statistics ; 
thirdly,  in  Walker's  Statistical  \tlas,  1874;  and  founhly, 
upon  a  large  scale  for  the  exhibit  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution at  the  International  Exhibition  at  Philadelphia  in 
1876.  Prof.  W.  P.  Blake  assisted  us  in  the  (^reparation  of 
these  f(jur  editions. 

We  have  now  to  announce  the  completion  of  our  labors 
in  the  publication  of  this  geological  map  of  the  L^nited 
States,  by  Julius  Bien,  of  New  York.  The  base  used  is 
the  Centennial  map  of  the  United  States  (edition  of  1879). 
drawn  upon  the  scale  of  twenty  miles  to  the  inch.  This 
gives,  when  mounted,  a  sheet  thirteen  feet  long  and  eight 
feet  wide.  It  is  made  for  a  wall  map,  and  hence  cannot 
exhibit  minute  details  of  topography.  The  principal  lakes, 
rivers,  railroads,  cities,  towns,  railroad  stations,  mountain 
ranges,  and  all  the  counties  are  represented.  Prof.  Blake 
has  prepared  for  us  the  coloration  of  California  and  por- 
tions of  Nevada  and  Arizona. 

We  have  not  yet  a  universally  acceptable  scheme  of 


? 


■' 


i\ 


nomenclature  for  the  formations,  nor  have  ^rcologists  agreed 
as  to  the  C(ilors  which  will  most  appropriately  designate 
them.  Our  endeavor  is  to  employ  those  names  of  groups 
which  are  in  common  use,  with  the  frequent  mention  of 
synonyms.  The  minute  suodivisions  of  the  New  York  and 
other  systems  of  classifications  cannot  be  carried  out  all 
over  the  country,  and  therefore  many  dit>iculties  ol  termi- 
nology are  avoided,  since  only  the  more  general  terms 
need  to  be  stated.  The  following  table  expresses  the 
classification  adopted  in  the  legend: 
0  Quaternary. 

Newer. 

Middle. 

Older. 


o 
o 
u 


•s 


0 


0 


Laramie  or  Lignitic  ^n-oup. 

Cretaceous. 

Jurassic  and  Triassic. 

Permo-Carboniferous. 

Upper  Coal  Measures,  usually  above  the  Pitts- 
burg Coal. 

Lower  Coal  Measures,  including  the  Millstone 
Grit. 

Lower  or  Sub-Carboniferous. 

Devonian  |Catskill  to  Oriskany|, 

Upper  Silurian  [Lower  Helderberg  to  Oneida]. 

Lower  or  Cambro-Silurian  [Lorraine  or  Hudson 

River  to  Calciferous  Sandrock]. 
Cambrian. 

Huronian. 

Gneiss  of  Atlantic  slope,  including  Montalban, 

and  metamorphic  Paleozoic. 
Labrador  or  Norian. 
Lauren  tian. 


m 


•^  I  Granite. 

a'  I  Volcanic. 

^   i. 

Southern  margin  of  the  Eastern  American  ice 

s'aeet :  also,  terminal  moraines  east  and  west 
of  Ohio. 
The  Quaternary  includes  recent  rivei  deposits,  oceanic 
additions   to   the   Tertiary   continent,   desert   sands,  and 
lacustrine  deposits  of  the  Far  West.     An  attempt  is  also 
made  to  show  the  course  of  the  supposed  glacial  terminal 
moraines,  from   Cape  Cod   to   the  Saskatchewan   region. 
The  terms  Pliocene,  Miocene,  and  Eocene  are  essentially 
synonymous  with  our  designations  of  Upper,  Middle,  and 
Lower  Tertiary — the  latter  allowing  more  latitude  of  refer- 
ence than  the  former.     The  Laramie  group  is  represented 
by  itself,  partly  because  of  its  importance,  ana  partly  be- 
cause of  some  disagreement  as  to  its  exact  place  in  the 
sei.es.     Perhaps  a  twofold  subdivision  of  the  rest  of  the 
Cretaceous  might  have  been  practicable.     I^rominence  is 
given  to  the  scverc'l  members  of  the  Carboniferous,  because 
of  the  economic  importance  of  the  Coal  Measures.     Recent 
observations  suggest  the  presence  of  several  areas  of  the 
Permo-Carbouiferous,  both  in  the  east  and  the  west.     The 
evidence  for  it  in  Pennsylvania  and  West  Virginia  is  less 
satisfactory  than  in  Texas,  Indian  Territory,  Kansas,  and 
Colorado.     The  lower  division  of  the  Coal  Measures  ex- 
tends to  include  the  conglomerate  at  their  base,  and  hence 
to  include  a  larger  area   than  is  actually  underlaid   by 
workable  coal.     The  Catskill  group  is  taken  for  the  upper 
and  the  Orishany  for  the  lower  limit  of  the  Devonian, 
though    there   is   a   diversity   of   opinion   as  to    the    pro- 
pria y  of  this  restriction,  especially  as  to  the  lower  mem- 
ber, which  is  very  commonly  placed   with   the  Silurian. 
The   commencement  of  the   Lower  or   Cambro-Silurian 


1 


*    ■  V 


\  ^ 


a 


with  th.>  Calciferous  Sandrock  is  generally  acceded  to 
at  the  present  day.  Some  prefer  to  write  Siluro-Cam- 
brian  instead  of  Cambro-Silurian,  as  originally  proposed 
by  Sedgwick,  and  quite  extensively  used  by  English  geol- 
ogists. The  word  Cambrian  suggests  a  world  of  conten- 
tion. Our  representation  (.overs  the  areas  termed  by 
authors  the  Potsdam,  Acadian  or  St.  Johns,  Keweenian 
or  Kewenawan,  Lake  Superior,  St.  Croix,  much  of  the 
Taconic,  etc.,  besides  various  mica  schist  groups  in  New 
England,  and  the  itacolumites  ot  the  Southern  States. 
There  is  not  entire  agreement  in  the  reference  of  man}- 
eastern  terranes  to  the  Huronian.  Certain  areas  in  Mich- 
igan and  Wisconsin  might  be  correlated  with  the  gneisses 
of  the  Atlantic  slope,  commonly  called  McMitalban  ;  but  in 
the  present  state  of  opinion  it  has  not  seemed  best  to 
separate  them  from  the  Laurentian.  1  understand  the 
Montalban  to  represent  gneissic  areas  in  the  upper  part  of 
what  might  very  naturally  be  called  Laurentian.  They 
underlie  the  Huronian  and  seem  to  be  unconformable 
with  the  Laurentian  beneath.  Some  authors  regard  the 
Montalban  as  meiamorphic  Silurian  and  Devonian,  others 
aspost-Huronian  but  preSilurian.  The  term  Upper  Lau- 
rentian was  originally  applied  to  the  Labrador  or  Norian 
series.  This  group  is  represented  in  Canada  and  New 
York  by  a  special  color,  in  accordance  with  the  definitions 
of  Logan  and  Sterry  Hunt.  In  the  West,  the  term  Lau- 
rentian includes  cverx  thing  below  the  Huronian.  Granite, 
essentially  eruptive,  is  distinguished  by  a  separate  color 
so  far  as  possible.  Much  more  of  it  remains  to  be  sepa- 
rated from  the  Laurentian.  The  modern  volcanic  ejec- 
tions of  the  West  are  distinguished  as  a  class  without 
subdivision.     The  trap  division  is  not  represented  at  all. 

It  is  possible  to  give  nii.ch  fuller  details  of  the  Pale- 
ozoic formations  in   the  Appalachian  region,  but  not  in 


8 


ff 


the  West;  and.  thcrelorc,  for  the  sake  of  uiiiformitv,  the 
smaller  series  have  beei.  merged  in  the  larg-er.  In  the 
following-  text,  also,  certain  special  variations  in  the  sii^nih- 
cance  of  the  colois  will  be  mentioned. 

After  reducinsr  the  maps  of  adjacent  States,  by  different 
authors,  to  our  scale,  it  often  ai)pears  that  the  colors  will 
not  fit  each  other.  This  may  be  due  to  differences  of 
opinion  as  to  the  proper  limits  of  the  several  g-roups  or  to 
incorrect  maps.  To  harmonize  such  differences  is  a  mat- 
ter of  irreat  difficulty  and  often  impossible,  and  has  led  us 
to  adopt  the  following  principle  for  our  guidance.  We 
assume  that  each  geologist  understands  his  own  territory 
better  than  any  one  else,  and  therefore  follow  his  division 
lines  to  his  boundaries,  where  a  forced  connection  is  made 
with  his  neighbor's  delineations.  If  great  incongruities 
are  occasioned  by  this  course,  a  statement  of  the  case  will 
be  made  in  the  following  pages. 

Objection  is  sometimes  made  to  the  attempt  to  prepare 
a  geological  map  of  the  whole  United  States,  that  over 
large  areas  the  character  of  the  underlying  formations  is 
not  known,  and  that  consequently  the  student  is  perplexed 
by  not  knowing  what  is  well  determined  and  what  is 
hypothetical.  Some  suggest  that  w^here  great  uncertainty 
exists.  no  attempt  should  be  made  to  represent  even  what 
is  probable.  I  have  in  some  cases  left  blank  si)aces  in  the 
entire  absence  of  any  attempt  at  exploration.  In  other 
cases  I  have  used  a  broken  instead  of  a  solid  color,  thus 
enabling  all  to  perceive  at  a  glance  where  the  structure 
has  not  been  worked  out  satisfactorily.  In  some  S])ecial 
cases  the  difificulties  of  coloration  a/e  particularly  de- 
scribed. 

With  these  general  remarks  we  proceed  now  to  state 
specifically  what  authorities  have  been  used  for  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  geology  of  all  parts  of  the  map.     Vet  we 


A 


i 


have  not  space  enouj^h  to  acknowledge  many  of  the 
smaller  items  of  information  kindly  furnished  by  our  corre- 
spondents. 

DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 
Every  possible  facility  for  the  acquisition  of  the  latest 
information  about  the  distribution  of  the  formations  in  that 
part  of  Canada  embraced  in  our  map  has  been  cheerfully 
furnished  by  A.  R.  C.  Sehvyn,  the  accomplished  Director 
of  the  Geological  Survey.  The  sheets  have  been  submitted 
to  him  and  his  assistants:  particuh  rly  Prof.  R.  Bell  and 
G.  i\i,  Dawson,  and  their  suggestions  of  improvement  have 
been  followed.  In  fact,  Prof.  Bell  colored,  with  his  own 
hand,  the  x^gion  north  of  the  paleozoic  basin,  from  Quebec 
across  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  From  Lake  Winnipeg  to 
the  Pacihc  Ocean  we  follow  the  guidance  of  G.  M.  Daw- 
son. 

Logan's  map  of  1865  correctly  represents  the  fossilifer- 
ous  groups  from  Quebec  to  Lake  Superior.     For  the  east- 
ern townships  region,  the  views  of  Sterry  Hunt  and  Sel- 
wyn  are  adopted  in  placing  the  Lauzon  and  Sillery  beneath 
instead  of  above  the.  Levis,  the   latter  containing  many 
primordial  types  of  life.     The  Canadian  extension  of  the 
Vermont  Green  Mountains  is  referred  to  the  Montalban 
because  it  underlies  the  Huronian.     East  of  Sherbrooke 
P.  Q.,  the  calcareous  rocks  were  referred  to  the  Upper 
Silurian  by  Logan.     As  they  seem  to  merge  into  the  Coos 
and  Calciferous  mica  schist  groups  of  Vermont,  and  the 
latter  are  by  Dana  referred  to  the   Lower  Heldcrberg,  I 
have  represented  their  age  south  of  Canada  as  doubtful.    In 
order  to  call  attention  to  the  existence  of  a  gneissic  scries 
m  Ontario  newer  than  the  Laurentian,  though  its  place  in 
the  column  is  unknown,  we   have    r  )lored  the   Hastings 
group  of  Vennor  the  same  as  the  Montalban. 


lO 


1 1: 


There  is  a  diserepancy  in  the  maps  of  the  country  be- 
tween the  Lake  of  the  Woods  and  Red  River.  Bigsby,  in 
1842  yQiiar.  Jour.  GeoL  Soc,  London),  described  Upper 
Silurian  limestones  in  situ  upon  the  west  shore  of  the  Lake 
of  the  Woods.  Prof.  Hind,  in  i860,  extends  this  group  of 
fossiliferous  rocks  westerly  and  southerly  into  Minnesota, 
to  the  latitude  of  46°.  Logan's  maps  differ.  The  small  one 
makes  a  broad  strip  of  Devonian  extend  entirely  through 
Minnesf)ta  to  connect  with  the  exposures  of  this  age  in 
Iowa.  This  is  accompanied  by  a  br(.)ader  area  of  the 
Trenton  from  Red  River  to  Lake  of  the  Woods,  and  to  Lat. 
45°,  where  its  width  is  much  diminished  and  is  continuous 
into  Iowa.  The  larger  map  has  the  Devonian  terminate 
abruptly  about  twenty-five  miles  south  of  the  international 
boundary  ;  and  the  Trenton  has  less  width,  reaching  to 
Todd  and  Douglass  counties.  West  of  the  Lake  of  the 
Woods  is  an  area  of  Niagara,  continuous  thence  along  the 
international  boundary  to  Rainy  Lake. 

G.  M.  Dawson,  in  the  Boundary  Survey,  colors  the  en- 
tire area  between  the  Lake  and  Red  River  as  Paleozoic. 
Professor  Bell  divides  this  area  midway  between  these 
points,  giving  half  to  the  limestones  and  half  totheLauren- 
tian ;  and  thinks  the  supposed  fossiliferous  outcrops  about 
the  Lake  of  the  Woods  consist  of  transported  lioutders. 
Our  representation  shows  all  of  northern  Minnesota  as  un- 
certain— by  means  of  broken  colors — and  disposes  of  a  part 
of  the  troublesome  area  by  giving  the  limits  of  the  former 
glacial  extension  of  Lake  Winnipeg — called  Lake  Agassiz 
by  the  Minnesota  Geological  Survey.  From  Lake  Traverse 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Saskatchewan,  there  is  hardly  a  rocky 
outcrop — so  that  the  use  of  the  yellow  color  for  the  Qua- 
ternary is  eminently  appropriate.  To  the  north  of  the  Sas- 
katchewan, where  the  ledges  are  plenty,  the  limits  of  the 
lake  are  also  shown  by  suitable  markings.     Many  of  the 


i 


n 


II 


4 


enormous  Huronian  areas  east  of  Lake  Superior  are  shown 
in  broken  colors,  because  their  limits  have  not  yet  been 
worked  out.  Concerning  the  representation  of  the  coun- 
try west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  remarks  will  be  made 
further  on  in  the  mention  of  Washington  Territory. 

NEW  ENQLAND. 

The  compiler  is  alone  responsible  for  the  delineation  of 
the  geology  of  New  England— making  use  of  all  the  offi- 
cial reports,  so  well  known,  combined  with  personal  field- 
work.  The  map,  when  mounted,  well  shows  the  difficulty 
of  calling  the  New  England  gneisses  by  other  names  than 
are  commonly  assigned  to  them  from  Alabama  to  the 
Highlands  of  the  Hudson,  /.  i\,  Laurentian  with  pre-Silu- 
rian  accompaniments.  The  range  is  a  continuous  one  from 
Alabama  to  Canada,  consisting  of  gneisses,  and  bordered 
first  by  the  Cambrian  sandstones,  derived  from  the  ruins 
of  the  gneiss;  thence  by  the  great  Appalachian  Lower  Silu- 
rian limestone  valley.  If  orography  is  determined  by 
stratigraphy,  then  the  gneisses  of  New  England  are  mainly 
of  pre-Silurian  age.  A  contour  or  relief  map  would  illus- 
trate this  position  even  more  strongly  than  colors. 

The  typical  Montalban  rocks  in  New  Hampshire  under- 
lie the  Huronian  ;  and  we  understand  the  same  to  be  true 
of  all  the  gneisses  upon  the  Atlantic  slope  colored  as  dis- 
tinct from  the  Laurentian.  The  Laurentian  areas  in  New 
England  are  usually  ovoidal  in  shape,  and  of  limited  ex- 
tent ;  and  in  the  [-ri.neval  history  must  have  formed  a  con- 
geries of  islands  before  the  interspaces  became  filled  by 
the  Atlantic  gneisses.  The  more  important  of  them  are 
Formations  K2.  K3,  of  Percival,  in  western  Connecticut ; 
Formations  A  and  B  of  Percival  in  caste.n  Connecticut, 
with  their  respective  continuations  into  M  issachusetts  and 
Rhode  Island  ;  the  Stamford  granite  and  gneiss  east  of 


12 


Bennins^t-on.  and.  the  Chester  gneiss  range  of  Vermont ; 
gneissic  areas  east  of  Worcester,  and  underlying  the  Bos- 
ton Cambrian  basin  in  Massachus'jtts;  the  porphyritic  and 
Bethlehem  protogene  tracts  in  New  Hampshire  and  the 
coastal  gneisses  east  of  Portland  in  Maine. 

Eruptive  granites  are  distinguished  in  New  England. 
Canada,  South  Carolina,  Cieorgia,  and  to  a  limited  extent 
in  the  far  west.  This  is  but  a  tithe  of  what  will  be  sepa- 
rated from  the  gneisses  hereafter. 

NEW  YORK. 
Our  authorities  for  this  State  are  mainly  the  published 
map  of  the  Geological  Survey,  and  a  manuscript  map  pre- 
pared by  Prof.  R.  P.  Whitelield,  showing  the  improvements 
obtained  under  the  directions  of  Prof.  James  Hall  in  the 
Catskill  mountain  region  and  elsewhere,  and  exhibited  to 
the  public  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History 
at  Manhattan  Square.  East  of  the  Hudson.  Prof.  Dana's 
recent  ol)servations  may  authorize  us  to  enlarge  the  Lau- 
rentian  area  called  Ki.  by  Percival.  We  accept  his  the- 
ory of  the  superior  position  of  the  Westchester  county 
gneisses  to  the  Laurentian  ;  but  cannot  yet  see  the  way 
clear  to  call  them  Silurian.  Farther  north  we  follow 
Mather's  view  of  the  Lower  Silurian  age  of  nearly  all  the 
rocks  east  of  the  Hudson,  taking  note,  however,  of  certain 
limited  Cambrian  exposures,  and  anticipating  a  greater  ex- 
tension of  them  hereafter  at  the  expense  of  the  clay  slates 
and  talcoid  schists  once  referred  to  the  Taconic  system.  In 
the  Adirondacks  an  area  of  Labrador  is  given,  as  well  as 
possible,  from  Prof.  Emmons'  limits  assigned  to  the  hyper- 
sthene  rocks.  Various  hints  suggest  the  future  discovery 
of  Huronian  and  Montalban  terranes  within  this  elevated 
district.  Mather's  reference  of  the  Long  Island  division 
to  the  Cretaceous  seems  to  be  confirmed,  while  the  Tertiary 
may  also  occur  beneath  the  Quaternary. 


13 


i 


NEW  JERSEY. 
i'n^i.  G.  H.  Cook's  latest  reports  are  followed  impli- 
citly. He  does  not  state  definitely  in  his  printed  reports 
which  division  of  the  Tertiary  prevails  in  the  low  ground 
next  to  the  ocean,  for  want  of  outcrops ;  but  authorizes  us 
to  call  it  ui)per  Tertiary  as  far  as  Chesapeake  Bay.  The 
former  extent  of  the  Hudson  River  valley  out  to  sea  is 
shown  off  the  coast  of  New  Jersey  bv  the  sub-marine  con- 
tour lines.  What  the  age  of  the  formations  mav  be  in  this 
submerged  district  is  doubtful.  Perhaps  the' discovery, 
by  Cook,  of  Devonian  fossils  in  certain  Cretaceous  beds 
as  rolled  pebbles  may  indicate  the  presence  of  Paleozoic 
strata  in  this  lost  Atlantis. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

The  Second   Geological  Sur\c\-  is  in  progress,  and  its 
results  have  been  utilized  by  us  for  the  following  counties: 
hne.  Crawford,  Mercer,  Venango,  Lawrence,  Beaver,  But- 
ler. Washington,  Alleghany.  Westmoreland,  Fayette,  Arm- 
strong, Clari(Mi,  Greene,  Fulton,  Blair.  Huntington,  Adams, 
York,  Lancaster,  Lehigh,  Northampton.  Daui)hin.  Lebanon, 
Northumberland,  MuaUmi;  Union,  Snyder,  Pcrrv,  Clinton.' 
Lycoming,  Sullivan,  McKean.  Tioga,  and   Potter.     Else- 
where Rogers'  map  has  been  followed,  and  made  to  tit  the 
new  coloration  somewhat  arbitrarily.      The  members  of 
the  survey  differ  in  their  estimates  of  the  age  of  the  crys- 
tallines along  the  Susquehanna.     Frazcr's  maj)  of  the  gneis- 
sic  areas  is  so  unlike  that  of  Rogers,  and  of  Tyson  in  iMary- 
laiul.  that  the  forcing  of  a  connection  between  them  is  less 
lelicitous  than  usual.     It  seems  to  us  as  if  the  lower  Car- 
boniferous group  has  too  great  an  extension  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  the  State.  uiK)n  which  the  Second  Survey 
liave   not  yet   i-eported.     If   the  CatskiU  sandstone  were 


14 


distinguished  upon  our  map,  it  would  display  the  contuiu- 
ation  of  all  the  Carboniferous  synclinals  into  New  York. 

MARYLAND,  DELAWARE,  VIRGINIA,   WEST 

VIRGINIA. 

No  chanj,^es  have  been  made  in  the  delineation  of  Mary- 
land  and  Delaware   since   the  publication  of  the  Census 
maps.     For  the  Virginias  we  have  had.  first,  the  use  of  Prof. 
W.  B.  Rogers'  manuscript  ma]);  second,  the  i)ublication 
of  the  same  upon  a  small  scale  in  the  report  of  Maj.  Jed. 
Hotchkiss ;  third.  Prof.  Rogers'  note>  m  Macfarlane's   rail- 
way guide;  fourth,  letters  from  Prof.  W.  M.  Fontaine,  of 
the  University  of  Virginia  ;  and  fifth,  the  Virginias  h\  Maj. 
Hotchkiss.     The  railway  guide  gives  us  the  reference  of 
the  Fairfax  gneiss  areas,  west  of  Richmond,  and  from  Lib 
erty  to  near  Lynchi)urg,  to  the  Laurentian  ;  and  the  Meso- 
zoic  areas  south  of  Richmond.     Prof.  Fontaine  named  for 
us  the  Laurentian  west  of  Lynchburg  and  Amherst ;   and 
furnished  us  a  tracing  showing  the  Huronian  limits  from 
the  Potomac  to  Willetts  mountain.     Subsecpiently  he  writes 
that  these  limits  may  be  extended  farther,  viz.,  "the  three 
counties  of  Floyd,  Carrol,  and  Grayson  are  ccmiposed  of 
metamorphics  like  those  fcjund  composing  the  Blue  Ridge 
further  north;  c  g.  at   Harper's  Feny.     Hence  they  are 
Huronian,  if  there  is  any   Huronian    in    the  Blue  Ridge 
ranges.     The  line  of  junction  of   the  jnetamorphics  and 
primordial  rocks  is  to  be  found  almost  always,  if  not  always, 
just  along  the  sf)utheast  foot  of  the  ranges   called  Pilot, 
Poplar-Camp,  and   Iron    mountains.      The   metamorphics 
are  hydro-mica  and  chlorite  slates,  sometimes  with  cpidote  ; 
some  hornblende  schist ;  a  great  deal  of  felsite,  sometimes 
with  copper ;  also  a  singular  gneissoid  rock,  having  shot- 
like particles  of  bluish  quartz,  of  a  waxy  lustre,  etc.    ^'ou 
will  note  that  the   range  of  Iron  mountain  near  Balsam 


i 


i 


15 

mountain  liciuls  south,  while  it  dies  clown  in  the  orif^inal 
southwest  direction.  The  new  ranjre,  now  called  Iron 
and  Smoky,  is,  near  White  Top.  certainly  Huronian  if 
we  have  any  in  the  Blue  Rid^e." 

This  letter  ajj^rees  with  a  map  of  this  neij^borhood  by  R. 
O.  Currey,  made  in  1859,  and  published  in  the  Virginias 
for  April,  1880;  though  the  term  Huronian  is  not  used  by 
Currey.  It  also  seems  to  ajj^ree  with  the  map  of  Professor 
Kerr  in  the  North  Carolina  geological  report,  whose  two 
Huronian  bands  correspond  nearly  with  the  position  of 
the  Virginia  areas  as  described  by  Currey  and  Fontaine. 
Dr.  T.  Sterry  Hunt,  on  the  contrary,  is  (|uite  positive 
that  these  two  bands  in  North  Carolina  should  be  referred 
to  the  primordial,  the  eastern  band  extending  into  Georgia 
to  merge  into  the  itacolumite  or  "principal  gold  region" 
of  the  geological  map  published  m  White's  Statistics  of 
Georgia.  Our  representation  of  these  areas  follows  the 
latter  author  for  North  Carolina,  and  no  effort  is  made  to 
separate  any  of  the  Eozoic  groups  in  Alabama  and  much 
of  Georgia. 


THE  ATLANTIC  PLAIN. 

Adjoining  the  coast  from  New  Jersey  to  Florida,  and 
thence  through  the  Gulf  States,  is  a  low,  broad  country, 
sometimes  called  the  Atlantic  plain,  underlaid  by  Cretaceous 
and  Tertiaiy  beds,  which  are  commonly  concealed  bv  the 
Quaternary.  It  is  most  perfect  in  its  devel()i)ment  in  the 
Gulf  States,  where  the  upper  Cretaceous  line  mav  be  sev- 
eral hundred  feet  above  the  sea:  to  the  north  of  Georsria 
the  rivers  wind  thi-ough  marshy  districts  after  leaving  the 
crystallines.  It  is  not  dititicult  to  see  that  they  are  drowned 
lands,  and  entirely  submerged  east  of  New  York,  save  the 
islands  Long,  Block,  Martha's  Vineyard,  etc.  The  plain 
is  traceable  by  soundings  to  join  the  Great  Banks  of  New- 


i6 

fouiullaiul,  and  the  fishcniR-ii  constantly  l)rinfr  in  Teitiar\- 
fossils  from  this  ])lateau  cast  of  Ca|)c  Cod.  The  forma- 
tions do  not  skirt  the  land  roncentricallv  over  this  entire 
plain,  as  several  anticlinoria  aiul  svnclinoria  are  easilv 
made  out.  The  first  basiti  is  in  Georji^ia,  the  second  in 
South  Carolina,  the  thirJ  in  the  southern  part  of  North 
Carolina,  tin-  fourth  in  North  Carolina,  merjLjinti;'  into  that 
depression  into  which  the  James,  York,  and  Potomac  rivers 
flow,  inakinj^  Chesapeake  Bay.  Because  of  the  lowness  of 
this  land,  the  formations  are  not  well  defined  ;  and  ue  color 
them,  as  seems  best,  after  studyinjj^  Tysori's  map  of  Marx- 
land,  Roi^jers",  of  Virj^^inia,  Kerr's,  of  North  Carolina,  Tuo- 
mey"s,  ol  South  Carolina,  Lvell's  (^1845),  ^'  Cjeorj^ia. 
Florida  is  represented  as  wholh-  Quaternary  ;  but  Conrad 
has  described  Eocene  fossils  from  its  northern  portion.  Mil- 
i^'ard  has  distiny;uishcd  himself  bv  the  patient  unravelling;' 
of  the  embayment  of  the  Mississi|)pi  vallev,  includinj.j  the 
demonstration  of  a  a^reat  elevation  of  Lower  Louisiana  since 
the  Tertiarv  ;  and  we  re<^ret  that  we  cannot  present  all  his 
subdivisions;  enouj^h  is  <ri\cn,  however,  to  illustrate  his 
views. 

The  narrow  strip  of  Ouaternarv  between  this  Atlantic 
plain  and  the  crystallines  shown,  from  North  Carolina  to 
Mississip])i,  and.  probablv,  not  entirelv  exhibited,  has  been 
su^p^ested  by  Tuomev  to  have  bee  1  derived  from  the 
meltinj^  of  an  ice-sheet  covering'  the  crvstallines  of  the 
more  southern  Atlantic  mountains.  The  beds  are  the  same 
as  the  Oran"-e  sand  of  Hilirard. 


i 


THE  OAROLINAS,  GEOiiaiA,  ALABAMA. 

The  reports  of  Emmons,  Ke;.,  Tuomev,  Lieber,  Little, 
Smith,  etc.,  ha\e  been  carefuUv  studied  for  the  solid  rocks 
of  these  States.  The  Taconic  rocks  of  North  Carolina, 
clay-slates  of  South  Carolina,  also  the  mica,  talcose,  and 


17 

itacolumitc  scries  ..f  Lwhvv  arc  all  ranked  as  Cambrian 
matching-  the  rocks  thus  dcsi-natcl  by  Little  and  Smith 
in  Geor^na  and  Alabama.  Most  oi  flu-  i^neiss  in  these 
States  is  placed  with  our  Montalban— pre-Huronian— 
without  attempting  to  separate  the  true  Laurentian  from 
it.  The  eruptive  j^ranites  of  South  Carolina  are  jrivcn 
after  Licber,  w  ho  seems  to  have  understood  correctly  the 
mutual  relations  of  all  the  crystallines.  More  Iluronian 
terranes  remain  to  be  distin«ruished  in  this  rej^ion. 

OHIO,  INDIANA,  ILLINOIS,  KENTUCKY,  TENNESSEE. 

Nothinjr  can  be  better  than  the  maps  of  these  States  by 
Newberry,  Owen,  Cox,  CoUett.  Worthen,  Shaler.  and  Saf- 
ford.  If  there  is  anything  in  our  map  unlike  what  has  been 
published  in  these  several  districts,  it  is  because  of  si)ecial 
informati(m  furnished  expressly  for  us  by  these  gentlemen. 
Professor  Collett  has  revised  for  us  the  boundaries  between 
the  upper  and  h)wer  Coal  Measures  for  Indiana  and  lUi- 
nois,  and  designated  a  small  Permian  area,  adding  his 
opinion  that  the  whole  upper  part  of  the  Coal  Measures 
ought  to  be  called  Permo-Carboniferous. 

Upon  an  outline-map  of  Indiana  recentlv  |)ul)lished  by 
Prol.  Collett,  certain    features   are   differentlv  delineated 
from  our  coloring.     I^e  does  not  carry  the  Upper  Silurian 
bridge  across  the  western  third  of  the  State  to  connect 
with  the  same  strata   in   Illinois.     Our  coloring  was  bused 
upon  the  detailed    statements   of   counties   in   R.  Owen's 
report,  and  is  certainly  to  be  depended  upon  as  far  as  Rens- 
selaer.   The  gap  between  is  entirely  covered  by  drift-depos- 
its, so  that  the  broken  color  is  ajjpropriate  for  this  missino- 
link.     The  precise  northern  extent  of  the  Lower  Carbonif- 
erous, next  Illinois,  and  the  boundary  between  the  Devonian 
and  Upper  Silurian  in  the  northern  part  of  Indiana  are,  as 
yet,  only  conjectural.     Collett  cuts  off  the  si)ur  of  the  Coal 


i8 

Measures  nuulc  to  reach  Templeton.  aiul  elDiiijates  the 
projection  of  the  same  into  Munroe  County  more  than  we 
have  (lone.  Our  outline  was  derived  from  a  studv  of 
Professor  Cox's  report. 

MICHIGAN. 

Winchcll's  and  Rominj^er's  maps  of  the  lower  peninsula 
are  (piite  complete.  Fumpelly's  and  Brooks'  maps  are 
used  for  the  upper  peninsula.  Brooks  recojj^nizes  the 
Montallian  of  the  East  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Laurentian, 
which  is  left  uncolored  upon  the  Michijj;an  i)ul)lished  map. 
It  extends  into  Wisconsin,  l)ut  is  not  separated  from  the 
Laurentian  upon  our  sheet;  neither  are  the  formations 
XIX,  XX,  XXI,  n-cofrnized  by  Brooks,  as  like  the  New 
Hampshire  Coos  group,  shown  distinct  from  the  Huro- 
nian. 

WISCONSIN. 

The  nivriad  details  of  Chamberlin's  ma|)s  cannot  he 
reproduced  upon  our  scale,  hut  are  generalized  by  us 
without  intentional  deviation.  To  Chamberlin  and  Irving 
we  owe  a  late  representation  of  a  considerable  Huroiiian 
area,  reaching  from  Miciiigan  nearly  half  way  through 
Wisconsin,  not  vet  published  officially.  The  Kewenawan 
rocks  are  i)laced  under  Cambrian  colors,  since  it  is  shown 
to  be  post-Huronian,  while  older  than  I'otsdain. 

IOWA,  MISSOURI,  ARKANSAS. 

The  maps  of  Mall  and  White  are  followed  for  our  guid- 
ance, with  an  improvement  of  the  nuitual  limit  ot  the 
Lower  and  Ui)per  Silur-m  sent  us  by  W.  -I.  McGee;  and 
it  was  found  necessary  to  shift  the  line  dividing  the  u|)per 
and  lower  Coal  Measures,  in  in'e,-  to  match  tlie  corre- 
sponding horizon  in  Missouri, 


«9 

Professor  Swallow  coiniminicatal  to  us  a  mamisciipt 
map  of  Miss<.iiri  many  years  since,  which  proves  to  be  in 
entire  -A^^vvvmcnf  with  the  later  publications  .)f  Broadhead 
and  Huinpelly.  As  the  later  publications  did  not  cover 
the  entire  territory,  there  are  considerable  areas  in  our 
compilation  <riven  to  the  public  uow  for  the  first  time. 

The  data  for  Arkansas  have  been  compiled  by  Prof. 
Richard  Owen  trom  the  reports  of  his  brother  D.  D. 
Owen,  with  slij^ht  emendations  aloii.,^  the  Mississippi  valley, 
taken  from  Humphrey's  and  Al)bot's  llydrolo^ry  of  the 
Mississipi.i,  and  the  enlarj^aMiient  of  the  Cretaceous  in  the 
southwest  part.  As  is  well  known,  the  Coal  Measures  of 
Arkansas  are  only  just  above  the  Conj^Iomerate  or  Mill- 
stone ^rit. 


KANSAS,  TEXAS,  AND  INDIAN  TEERITORY. 
The  latest  map  of  Kansas  was  published  bv  Professor 
B.   F.    Mud-e    in   the   report   of   the   State  AjrHcultural 
Society  for  1878.     Fie  had  the  advantajre  of  several  years- 
work  in   collecting  fossils   for  the    Pcabody   Museum    of 
Vale   Colleire,  in   addition   to  two  years'  official  employ 
by  the  State,  and  his  conclusions  are  unlike  those  of  his 
predecessors  and  nei.irhbors,  thouj,di.  probably,  nearly  cor- 
rect.    He  throws  out  the  Trias  alt<)<rether,  believing  that 
the  red  beds  of  Hayden  and  Newberry,  with  the  accom- 
panying  gypsum,  belong  to   the   lower   Cretaceous,  and 
draws  the  west   line  of  the   Permian  southwest  to  strike 
the  northwest  angle  of   Indian  Territory.     As  this  view 
is  not  acceptable  to  the   other  geologists   named,  I    Iiave 
shown   a    restricted   area   of    Trias   with    a  broken   color. 
giving  portions   of   it    to  both   the  Cretaceous  and   Per- 
mian.    Except,  so  far  as  is  recpiired  to  be  consistent  with 
the  above  rendering,  there  is  no  variation  in  the  represen- 
tation of  the  rocks  in    Indian   Territorv  and  Texas  from 


20 


the  last  ctlihon  of  o.ir  United  States  map  in  Walker's 
Atlas.  The  reference  of  the  Llano  Estacpcio  to  Creta- 
ceons  is  (.pi)ose(l  by  Marcou,  wlio  reu^ards  it  as  Jurassic. 
South  of  Kansas,  the  boundai'v  between  the  upper  antl 
lower  Coal  Measures  is  entirely  conjectural. 

Professor  Mudsj^e  refers  lar^'-e  areas  of  Kansas,  particu- 
larly the  northwest  jjortion,  to  the  I'liocene.  This  is  at 
variance  with  the  color  of  eastern  Colorado  by  Hayden, 
who  represents  the  Laramie  groui)  as  impinsj^ing  ajramst 
Kansas.  Being  unable  to  i,nve  the  i)roper  boundary  be- 
tween these  groups.  1  have  allowed  oach  to  extend  to  its 
State  line,  inserting  at  the  northwest  angle  an  indehnite 
area  of  the  middle  Tertiary,  upon  the  autli(»rity  ot  Prot. 
l*;.  D.  Cope. 

MINNESOTA. 

Prof.  N.  H.  WincheU  >as  patiently  answered  numerous 
cpiestions  concerning  the  Minnesota  focks;  and  he  regards 
the  present  coloration  as  j)rovisional.     We  get,  however,  a 
great  improvement  over  the  delineations  ot  the  earlier  edi- 
tions.    The   use  of   Lake  Agassi/   has  been  already   men- 
tioned.    No  systematic  explorations  of  the  northern  [)()r- 
tions  of  the  State   have   been   made:    and  the  colors  are 
broken,    where    the    compiler    would    have    prelerred    to 
leave  a  blank  space,  after  reading  the  reports  ol    School- 
craft.  Nicollet.  Owen,   Logan.    Dawsor,    Bell.    Hind,  aiul 
WincheU.     W'rv  few  ledges  occur,  the  countrx  being  cov- 
ered  b\-  drift.     The  areas  of  Silurian.  Dexonian  and  Cam- 
brian  east   of   Lake  Agassiz  may  possibly  ha\e   no   better 
tenure  than  the  presence  of  erratic  blocks  derived   bom 
the  northwest.     Professor  Bell  has  described  mimilely  sev- 
eral   bands    of    the    Laurent ian    and    Iluronian    along  \\\v 
international    boundaiw  b'om   the  Lake   ol    the  Woods   1o 
Lake  Superior,   and    these    are    made    to  extend   lar  into 


21 


iMinnesola.  Tlic  Vermilion  Lake  terranc  is  traced  across 
to  Alexandria.  The  Lanrentian  is  contined  to  the  nor- 
thern   part   ol    the    State;    or,   at    least,  the    reference  of 


the   iiianite    and 


i^neiss    ahuii;-    Minnesota   ri\cr    to    this 


series  is  donbtfiil.     The  Lanrentian  and   Huronian  rocks 
occnr  in  oval  patches  in  Minnesota,  as  in   Michi.^-an  and 
Wisconsin,  rather  than  in  one  hn.ad  stripe,  vet  niakin,ir  an 
Eozoic  i)roniontorv  reachin,;^    nearly   thronijh    the    State, 
the  counterpart  of  the  Adirondack  peninsnla  in  New  ^■ork. 
Abrupt  connections   in  the  colorini,r    between    Minnesota 
and  Canada  represent  dilferences  of  opinion  as  entertained 
bv    the    respective    ^ovennnent    ,<;-eolo,t;-ists.     One    of    the 
Minnesota  areas  of  Huronian   reaches  to  Taylor's  Falls  on 
the   St.  Croix,  and    is  su.y;,i,a"sted   by  Winchell  as   the  con- 
tinuation ot   the  same  rock  a  tew  miles  distant  in  Wiscon- 
sm.     Only  a  thin  coveiiii;^-  of  I'otsdam  conceals  it  between 
the  known  outcrops.     The  (piart/ites.  etc..  of  the  i)ipestone 
region  are  rejrarded  as  Potsdam.     Ouite  an  CAtensive  area 
of  {juartzite  <,nieiss  and  granite  is  covered  by  the  Cretaceous 
in  the  southwest  part  of  the  State.     If  it  were  possible  to 
use  both  the  pink  and   <,n-een  colors  lor  the  same  area  we 
should   do  so   here,  as  the   country  is  essentiallv  a  Creta- 
ceous ])lain    showiiiij:  the  crystallines    where   it   has    been 
deeply  cut  by  rivers.     Winchell  lestricts  the  Fotsd.im  to 
narrower  limits  than  those  represented  (after  Belli  wl. en- 
it  passes  into  the  Dominion  adjoininij^  Lake  Superior. 

NEBRASKA,  DAKOTA,  WYOMINa,  MONTANA. 

The  foundation  to  our  kuovled^e  of  these  districts, 
was  ^-iven  us  by  Ilayden  in  the  map  accomjjanvini^  the 
Reynolds  expedition,  and  the  final  report  upon  Nebraska. 
The  changes  consist  in  callini;-  the  Lignite  Tertiarv  Lara- 
mie, i^dving  some  data  from  the  notes  of  E.  S.  Dana  and  G.  B. 
Grinnell,  forthe  Yellowstone  Army  Exiiedition.  and  from  the 


22 

Black  Hills  map  ot  Newton,  prepared  under  the  direction 
of  J.  VV.  Powell.  Prof.  Havden's  maps  and  repoits  have 
afforded  us  the  principal  data  for  the  delineation  of  the 
immense  areas  of  Wyoming-  and  Montana.  Permission 
was  given  iis  to  cop)'  from  several  of  his  maps  in  advance 
of  their  publication. 

In  Hayden's  map,  illustratm^  the  Revnolds  expedition, 
the  whole  of  Montana  is  colon.'d  with  much  precision. 
That  which  lies  east  of  the  crvstallines  has  been  modihed 
considerably  by  Hayden's  later  ex])editions.  He  ijives 
notes  of  the  rocks  at  Jefferson,  Helena,  and  at  the  Forks, 
also  panoramic  views,  but  ver\-  scanty  maj^s.  We  there- 
fore follow  the  Reynolds  map,  save  whciC  it  has  been 
differently  described  in  later  publications.  The  maps,  in 
the  reports  of  1877,  1878,  for  the  Yellowstone  Park  and 
farther  south,  are  of  great  value  for  the  northwest  part  of 
Wyoming.  In  the  earlier  map,  all  the  volcanic  and  crys- 
talline rocks  were  not  distinguished  from  each  other;  and 
hence  the  use  of  a  similar  color  for  the  entirelv  unexplored 
region  of  the  west  part  of  Montana  and  the  east  part  of 
Idaho  must  be  regarded  mereh-  as  a  cover  for  ignorance. 
The  principal  part  of  Wyoming  is  likewise  taken  from  the 
Reynolds  map. 

GOVERNMENT  SURVEYS  OF  TERRITORIES. 

The  elaborate  (geological  mai)s  of  the  Fortieth  Parallel 
Survey  under  Clarence  King;  of  Colorado  and  much  of 
Wyoming  under  Prof.  F.  \'.  Flavden  ;  of  the  Geographical 
and  Geological  Surveys  under  Lieut.  Wheeler,  espcciallv 
in  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Utah,  and  Nevada;  of  the  vari- 
ous reports  prepared  under  tiie  direction  ol  Major  J.  W. 
Powell,  as  Button's  High  Plateaus  of  Utah,  the  Colorado 
River  and  Uintah  Mountains,  the  Henry  Movmtains  bv  G. 
K.  Gilbert,  the  unpublished  map  of  the  Black  Hills  bv  H. 


23 

Newton,  etc.,  have  all  been  consulted,  and  so  far  as  prac 
ticable  transferred  to  our  sheets. 

For  New  Mexico  the  data  have  not  been  so  complete. 
Our  sources  of  information  are  J.  Marcou's  Pacific  Railroad 
and  other  reports,  1857;  Prof.  J.  S.  Newberry's  report  in 
connection  with  the  Macomb  Expedition ;  annual  reports 
by  Prof.  E.  D.  Cope  and  H.  Loew  to  Lieut.  Wheeler, 
1874;  the  extension  of  the  coloring?  of  Hayden's  Colorado 
atlas  for  about  hfteen  miles  into  the  territory  ;  and  Prof.  J. 
.T.  Stevenson's  observations  made  for  Lieut.  Wheeler,  in  a 
tract  south  of  the  north  line  of  New  Mexico  to  hit.  35°  15', 
and  between  loui;.  104"  15'  and  106^.  Cope  and  Stevenson 
agree  that  the  Carboniferous  strata  east  of  Santa  Fe  should 
be  referred  to  the  Coal  Measures  rather  tlian  the  Lower 
en- Sub-Carboniferous ;  and  it  is  likelv  that  much  of  what 
we  have  referred  to  the  Lower  Carbonifenuis  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  territory  and  in  Texas  is  of  the  same 
age.  Prof.  Stevenson  rtnds  gyi)sum  beds,  similar  to  those 
in  the  Indian  Territory  and  referred  to  the  Tri;'.s,  appar- 
ently situated  in  the  Dakota  group  of  the  Cretaceous ;  and 
thus  suggests  a  problem  for  future  study,  analogous  to 
that  propounded  by  Mudgc  in  Kansas,  lie  also  has  de- 
fined for  us  the  eastern  limit  of  the  Laramie  gnjup,  bring- 
ing it  to  the  Raton  Mountains  to  the  southeast  of  Trinidad, 
Col.  The  delineation  of  the  northwest  i)art  of  Arizona 
and  of  southern  Utah  was  taken  from  tlie  maps  of  the 
Wheeler  Survey.  Since  then  Messrs.  Powell,  Howell, 
Gilbert  and  Duttcm  have  fashioned  elegant  relief  majis  of 
the  same  regions,  |)iesenting  differences  in  detail  from  the 
the  origin.al  Wheeler  sheets.  I  have  followed  the  later 
authorities  in  the  coloration  of  the  volcanic  masses  in 
N.  W.  Arizona,  and  in  minor  changes  about  the  Acpiarius 
plateau  in  Utah.  The  Permian  in  Arizona  is  given  ap- 
l)roximately  from  information  furnished  by  C.  D.  Walcott. 


24 

The  Huronian  is  ^-iven  for  the  Black  Hills,  but  not  tor 
any  other  ])art  ot  the  territories,  although  supposed  bv 
Kin^  to  exist  extensively  in  them,  especially  in  the  more 
eastern  portions.  North  of  the  Fortieth  Parallel  Survey, 
in  Wyomino-  and  Nevada,  are  extensive  blank  areas,  for 
which  we  can  hnd  no  data  of  representation.  It  would 
have  been  better  jierhaps  to  leave  a  i^reater  ])art  of 
southern  Nevada  in  the  same  condition.  In  Western 
Nevada,  California,  Orci^on,  Montana,  and  Idaho,  the  tint 
for  Lower  Carboniferous  is  intended  to  sij^nifv  Paleozoic 
strata  in  general,  though  the  Carboniferous  is  well  defined 
in  Northern  California.  Likewise  the  older  Tertiary  tint 
in  the  same  State  signifies  Tertiary  strata  of  anv  age. 

CALIFOB,NIA. 

The  California  portion  of  the  map  is  colored  from  mate- 
rial furnished  chieHy  by  Prof.  VVm.  P.  Blake,  using  as  a 
basis  his  geological  map  of  May,  1857,  in  the  fifth  volume 
of  the  Pacific  Railroad  Reports  our  census  maps,  and  the 
results  of  recent  explorations. 

The  crest  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  consists  mainlv  of  granite 
and  crystalline  schists  of  pre-Silurian  age,  and  believed  to 
be  in  part,  at  least,  Huronian.  For  a  part  of  the  length  of 
the  range  these  rocks  are  Hanked  on  the  west  bv  Paleozoic 
limestones,  quartzites,  and  slates  traversed  bv  auriferous 
veins.  Lower  down  the  slope,  serpentine  rocks  are  fre- 
quent, and  there  is  a  broad  belt  of  slates,  also  auriferous, 
referable  to  the  Mesozoic  period  and  believed  to  include 
the  Triassic  and  Jurassic  formations.  These  formations 
disappear  at  the  southern  end  of  the  range,  while  at  the 
north  they  occupy  a  greater  breadth,  but  are  largelv  cov- 
ered by  volcanic  overflows.  Upon  the  eastern  side  of  the 
range,  especially  from  Mono  Lake  southwards,  there  is  a 
well-marked  line  of  volcanic  vents  in  the  form  of  extinct 


25 

conical  craters  surrounded  by  lava  streams.  There  are 
also  some  extensive  lava  Hows  on  the  opposite  and  western 
slope,  such  as  Table  Mountain  in  Tuolumne  County,  and 
upon  the  Upper  San  Joaciuin.  The  chiet  area  of  former 
volcanic  outHow  is,  however,  at  the  north,  toward  the 
Ore^ron  line,  joining  the  vast  volcanic  area  of  the  Cascade 
ran-e.  In  this  part  of  the  State,  Lassens  Peaks,  Shasta 
Mcnmtain,  and  the  Marysvillc  Buttes  are  pominent  volca- 
nic centres. 

The  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  formations  are  largely 
developed  in  the  Coast  M<nintains,  both  north  and  south 
of  San  Francisco,  with,  also,  limited  areas  of  granitic  rocks, 
notably  at  Monterey,  the  Farallone  Islands,  and  upon 
Tomales  Bay.  There  is  also  a  broad  belt  of  granite  in 
the  foot-hills  crossing  the  American  River  and  extending 
through  Nevada  County. 

The  Post  Pliocene  and  recent  formation  cover  a  consid- 
erable area  of  the  State,  especially  in  the  central  valley  ot 
the  Sacramento,  the  San  Joaquin,  and  the  Tulares,  and 
farther  south  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  California,  where 
the  dry  bed  of  an  ancient  lake  is  now  below  the  sea  level. 

Extensive  areas  of  the  State,  especially  at  the  north  and 
west,  have  not  yet  been  explored  geologically,  and  the 
coloring  upon  such  portions  is  hypothetical.  Prof.  New- 
berry has  given  us  the  use  of  his  notes  upon  the  north- 
eastern section  along  Pitt  River,  etc. 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA  AND  VANOOUVEE'S   ISLAND. 

G.  M.  Dawson  sent  us  a  maiuiscript  maj)  of  British 
Columbia,  based  upon  his  own  and  Mr.  Selwyn's  observa- 
tions, which  has  since  been  published  in  ( he  Canada  re- 
I'ort.  The  Tertiary,  Cretaceous,  and  older  intrusive  rocks 
are  well  defined.  The  most  western  Tertiary  area  is 
Miocene,  and  is  connected  with  the  Washington  terrane ; 


36 

determined  to  be  of  this  aj^e  by  Prof.  Newberry  and 
George  Gibbs  from  the  plants  found  at  Bellingham  Bay. 
Dawson  siiju^j^ests  that  Laramie  beds  may  also  occur  in  the 
neiji;-hborhood,  perhaps  equivalent  to  the  Cretaceous  coals 
of  Vancouver.  The  little  part  of  Vancouver's  Island  re- 
presented is  copied  from  the  Canada  maps  by  Selwyn  and 
Richardson.  Most  of  the  island  is  composed  of  crystalline 
rocks.  ])artly  volcanic,  and  shown  by  Selwyn  to  be  not 
older  than  Carboniferous.,  We  a])ply  to  them  upon  the 
ma[)  the  indii^o  lint  j^iveu  to  the  Carboniferous  <^enerally 
in  the  Rocky  Mountain  rej^ion.  Another  set  of  crvstalline 
rocks  occurs  between  lonj^itudes  i2i°  and  122'^.  They  are 
repeated  east  of  the  Okinakane  River;  and  I  have  ventured 
to  extend  the  same  coloration  as  far  east  as  the  Kootenay 
River,  so  as  to  correspond  with  the  observations  by  Georj>e 
Gibbs  in  Washiui^ton.  Thev  seem  to  be  the  metamorphic 
rocks  of  the  Coast  and  Gold  rana^es.  Between  the  two 
areas  mentioned,  lies  the  Cache  Creek  ijroup  of  Selwyn, 
much  like  the  Vancouver  Island  series  and  including^  some 
Triassic  strata.  This  distinction  into  Cascade  and  Cache 
Creek  grou])S  wasnot  recognized  bv  Gibbs  south  of  the  in- 
ternational boundarv  line.  East  of  the  Kootenay,  the 
rocks  are  certainly  Paleozoic,  largely  of  Carboniferous  age, 
as  determined  bv  Dawson,  and  the  indigo  tint  is  used  to 
represent  them.  The  Crystalline  rocks  mentioned  were 
called  granite  and  Huronian  by  Dr.  James  Hector,  geolo- 
gist of  Capt.  J.  Palliser's  expedition  in  1857-60.  He  calls 
the  Rocky  Mountain  limestones  east  of  the  Kootenay 
Devonian. 


WASHINGTON  TERRITOEY. 

Tiic  remotest  corner  of  our  map  is  one  of  the  most  dififi- 
cult  to  color  satisfactorily,  and  is  based  upon  the  informa- 
tion   turnished    for    Coluinliia    by    Sclwvn   and    Dawson. 


37 

Geofirc  Gibbs.  and  Thomas  Condon,  State  Geolojrist  of 
Orejron.  It  is  supposed  that  the  Olympic  mountains  con- 
sist of  the  Vancouver  Island  crystalline  njcks,  which,  in 
their  extension  southwards,  are  much  covered  bv  volcanic 
overflows.  It  is  thou<j;-ht  best  to  use  the  pink  Laurentian 
tint  for  those  crystallines,  in  the  absence  of  in^-rmation  of 
the  precise  locality  where  the  ancient  <,nieisses  commence 
to  occur.  Condon  furnished  the  statements  for  Macfar- 
lane's  railway  j^uide  for  this  territory,  whence  it  appears 
probable  that  Cretaceous  rocks  follow  the  Western  border 
of  the  Cascade  rany^e,  but  certainly  at  Skookum  Chuck. 
Vashon  Island,  and  Seattle.  It  is  probable  that  this  Creta- 
ceous is  bordered  by  the  Eocene,  and  it  is  represented  at 
Steilacoom.  Gibbs  describes  the  Miocene  in  Fug-et  Sound, 
and  finds  it  replaced  by  i^ranitic  rocks,  about  twenty 
miles  up  Skaf^it  River,  which  extend  thence  entirelv  across 
the  territory  near  the  northern  boundarv.  We  use  the 
jjink  color  to  rei)resent  them,  though  it  seems  probable 
they  are  the  equivalent  of  the  later  Cascade  and  Cache 
groups  described  in  Columbia.  It  is  impossible  for  us  to 
draw  the  line  between  the  older  and  newer  crvstallines 
here. 

Similar  difificulties  i^resent  themselves  in  attempting-  to 
color  the  formations  in  the  eastern  part  of  Washington. 
Idaho,  and  ])arts  of  Montana.  Excepting  the  small  south- 
ward extension  of  the  Paleozoic  tint  east  of  Kootenay,  I 
have  followed  Hayden's  map  in  the  report  of  the  Rev- 
nolds  expediti(m,  but  using  a  broken  tint  so  as  to  express 
the  uncertainty  existing  as  to  the  reference  of  the  whole 
area  to  the  crystalline  and  igneous  series.  Certain  mining 
men  assure  me  that  the  Coeur  d'Alene  mountains  are  gran- 
itic :  and  others  represent  that  the  Salmon  River  region  of 
Idaho  is  only  partially  underlaid  by  the  crvstallines. 

The  reference  of  an  enormous  territorv  in  Washinirton 


a8 

to  volcanic  overflows  is  well  established.  AcxoRliiiL-- to 
Condon  an;l  Le  Conte  those  sheets  overlie  Miocene  deposits 
in  the  -;or<,^e  of  the  Columbia  through  the  Cascaile  ranj-e. 
Mrs.  Rainier.  Baker.  St.  Helens.  Adams,  Hood,  and  jei- 
ferson.  are  some  of  the  craters  connected  with  the  ig-neoiis 
overflow. 

OREGON. 

For  this  re^non  u  e  had  a  manuscript  map  colored  for  us 
by  Professor  Condon  ;  and  it  was  our  lot  to  collect  some  ad- 
ditional information,  i)ersonally,  in  a  (rip  up  the  Columbia 
River  and  across  the  Blue  Mts.  I  understand  that  the 
distinction  between  the  volcanic  and  crystalline  is  not 
maintained  in  the  coast  ran.<res.  and  that  some  of  the  Cre- 
taceous rocks  in  the  southwest  corner  may  be  crystalline. 
The  statements  of  local  surveyors  lead  us  to  mark  the  rocks 
of  the  Snake-River  Canon  as  crystalline,  rather  than  vol- 
canic. Southern  Idaho  is  j^nvcn  from  my  own  imperfect 
notes. 

TERMINAL  MORAINES  OF  THE  EASTERN  AMERI- 
CAN lOE  SHEET. 

Recent  speculations  about  the  existence  of  terminal 
moraines,  reachinj^r  f,-om  Cape  Cod  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tams,  are  so  interesting  ro  us  personally  that  we  atten)pt 
their  delineation,  following  Chamberlin  and  Upham  in 
the  main.  Upham  has  furnished  us  the  facts  for  Cai)e 
Cod,  Long  Island,  Iowa,  and  Minnesota,  with  suggestions 
for  Dakota.  Chamberlin  has  outlined  the  course  through 
Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Michigan,  etc.  Mr.  H.  C. 
Lewis  has  given  us  the  line  through  Pennsylvania,  based 
ui)on  observations  made  in  1880,  and  intended  only  for  an 
approximation.  The  New  Jersey  line  is  gnven,  as  published 
in  Professor  Cook's  re])orts.    The  terminal  moraine  seems 


29 


( 


to  occur  near  the  southern  margin  of  the  ice-sheet  from 
Cape  Cod  through  to  Ohio.  From  thence  it  is  not  known 
whether  the  moraine  is  similarly  located  :  and  I  have, 
therefore,  drawn  the  line  indicating  the  extreme  limit  of 
the  ice  marking,  as  furnished  for  Ohio  by  Prof.  Newberry, 
Illinois  by  Prof.  Worthen,  Missouri  by  Prof.  Swallow, 
Kansas  by  Professor  Mudge.  The  moraines  farthernorth 
are  called  by  Professor  Cook  "  Moraines  of  Recession." 

Remembering  that  flood-plains  of  sand  and  gravel  are 
intimately  connected  with  terminal  moraines,  Tuomey's 
conjecture  that  the  belt  of  Quaternary  skirting  the  solid 
ledges  from  Mississippi  through  Alabama,  Georgia,  and 
the  Carolinas,  is  not  unreasonable.  From  the  writinirs  of 
W.  B.  Rogers  and  W.  M.  Fontaine,  it  seems  that  some 
traces  of  the  same  Quaternary  gravel  may  extend  to  Wash- 
ington and  Maryland,  though  those  gentlemen  differ  in 
their  views  of  its  ace. 


